Web Engineering

<p>Preface xv</p>
<p>Foreword xvii</p>
<p>1 An Introduction to Web Engineering 1<br />Gerti Kappel, Birgit Pr&ouml;ll, Siegfried Reich, Werner Retschitzegger</p>
<p>1.1 Motivation 1</p>
<p>1.2 Categories of Web Applications 4</p>
<p>1.3 Characteristics of Web Applications 7</p>
<p>1.3.1 Product–related Characteristics 8</p>
<p>1.3.2 Usage–related Characteristics 12</p>
<p>1.3.3 Development–related Characteristics 14</p>
<p>1.3.4 Evolution 16</p>
<p>1.4 Objectives and Structure of the Book 17</p>
<p>2 Requirements Engineering for Web Applications 23<br />Paul Gr&uuml;nbacher</p>
<p>2.1 Introduction 23</p>
<p>2.2 Fundamentals 24</p>
<p>2.2.1 Where Do Requirements Come From? 24</p>
<p>2.2.2 Requirements Engineering Activities 25</p>
<p>2.3 RE Specifics in Web Engineering 26</p>
<p>2.4 Principles for RE of Web Applications 30</p>
<p>2.5 Adapting RE Methods to Web Application Development 32</p>
<p>2.5.1 Requirement Types 32</p>
<p>2.5.2 Notations 34</p>
<p>2.5.3 Tools 36</p>
<p>2.6 Outlook 37</p>
<p>3 Modeling Web Applications 39<br />Wieland Schwinger, Nora Koch</p>
<p>3.1 Introduction 39</p>
<p>3.2 Fundamentals 40</p>
<p>3.3 Modeling Specifics in Web Engineering 41</p>
<p>3.3.1 Levels 41</p>
<p>3.3.2 Aspects 42</p>
<p>3.3.3 Phases 42</p>
<p>3.3.4 Customization 43</p>
<p>3.4 Modeling Requirements 43</p>
<p>3.5 Content Modeling 45</p>
<p>3.5.1 Objectives 45</p>
<p>3.5.2 Concepts 45</p>
<p>3.6 Hypertext Modeling 46</p>
<p>3.6.1 Objectives 47</p>
<p>3.6.2 Hypertext Structure Modeling Concepts 47</p>
<p>3.6.3 Access Modeling Concepts 49</p>
<p>3.6.4 Relation to Content Modeling 50</p>
<p>3.7 Presentation Modeling 51</p>
<p>3.7.1 Objectives 51</p>
<p>3.7.2 Concepts 51</p>
<p>3.7.3 Relation to Hypertext Modeling 52</p>
<p>3.8 Customization Modeling 53</p>
<p>3.8.1 Objectives 54</p>
<p>3.8.2 Concepts 54</p>
<p>3.8.3 Relation to Content, Hypertext, and Presentation Modeling 58</p>
<p>3.9 Methods and Tools 58</p>
<p>3.9.1 Modeling Methods: An Overview 58</p>
<p>3.9.2 Model–Driven Development 61</p>
<p>3.9.3 Tool Support 61</p>
<p>3.10 Outlook 63</p>
<p>4 Web Application Architectures 65<br />Christian Eichinger</p>
<p>4.1 Introduction 65</p>
<p>4.2 Fundamentals 66</p>
<p>4.2.1 What is an Architecture? 66</p>
<p>4.2.2 Developing Architectures 67</p>
<p>4.2.3 Categorizing Architectures 69</p>
<p>4.3 Specifics of Web Application Architectures 70</p>
<p>4.4 Components of a Generic Web Application Architecture 71</p>
<p>4.5 Layered Architectures 72</p>
<p>4.5.1 2–Layer Architectures 72</p>
<p>4.5.2 N–Layer Architectures 73</p>
<p>4.6 Data–aspect Architectures 79</p>
<p>4.6.1 Database–centric Architectures 80</p>
<p>4.6.2 Architectures for Web Document Management 80</p>
<p>4.6.3 Architectures for Multimedia Data 81</p>
<p>4.7 Outlook 84</p>
<p>5 Technology–aware Web Application Design 85<br />Gerhard Austaller, Andreas Hartl, Markus Lauff, Fernando Lyardet, Max M&uuml;hlha&uuml;ser</p>
<p>5.1 Introduction 86</p>
<p>5.2 Web Design from an Evolutionary Perspective 89</p>
<p>5.2.1 Background 89</p>
<p>5.2.2 Information Design: An Authoring Activity 90</p>
<p>5.2.3 Software Design: A Programming Activity 92</p>
<p>5.2.4 Merging Information Design and Software Design 93</p>
<p>5.2.5 Problems and Restrictions in Integrated Web Design 94</p>
<p>5.2.6 A Proposed Structural Approach 95</p>
<p>5.3 Presentation Design 95</p>
<p>5.3.1 Presentation of Nodes and Meshes 96</p>
<p>5.3.2 Device–independent Development Approaches 97</p>
<p>5.4 Interaction Design 98</p>
<p>5.4.1 User Interaction 98</p>
<p>5.4.2 User Interface Organization 100</p>
<p>5.4.3 Navigation Design 101</p>
<p>5.4.4 Designing a Link Representation: The Anchor 101</p>
<p>5.4.5 Designing Link Internals: The URL 102</p>
<p>5.4.6 Navigation and Orientation 102</p>
<p>5.4.7 Structured Dialog for Complex Activities 103</p>
<p>5.4.8 Interplay with Technology and Architecture 104</p>
<p>5.5 Functional Design 105</p>
<p>5.5.1 Integration 105</p>
<p>5.5.2 Communication Paradigms and Middleware 105</p>
<p>5.5.3 Distributed Cross–corporate Web Applications 106</p>
<p>5.6 Outlook 107</p>
<p>5.6.1 Context–aware Applications 107</p>
<p>5.6.2 Device–independent Applications 108</p>
<p>5.6.3 Reusability 109</p>
<p>5.7 Summary 110</p>
<p>6 Technologies for Web Applications 111<br />Martin Nussbaumer, Martin Gaedke</p>
<p>6.1 Introduction 111</p>
<p>6.2 Fundamentals 112</p>
<p>6.2.1 Markup 112</p>
<p>6.2.2 Hypertext and Hypermedia 112</p>
<p>6.3 Client/Server Communication on the Web 113</p>
<p>6.3.1 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. 113</p>
<p>6.3.2 RTSP Real Time Streaming Protocol 113</p>
<p>6.3.3 HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol 113</p>
<p>6.3.4 Session Tracking 114</p>
<p>6.4 Client–side Technologies 116</p>
<p>6.4.1 Helpers and Plug–ins 116</p>
<p>6.4.2 Java Applets 116</p>
<p>6.4.3 ActiveX Controls 116</p>
<p>6.5 Document–specific Technologies 117</p>
<p>6.5.1 HTML Hypertext Markup Language 117</p>
<p>6.5.2 SVG Scalable Vector Graphics 117</p>
<p>6.5.3 SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language 118</p>
<p>6.5.4 XML eXtensible Markup Language 118</p>
<p>6.5.5 XSL eXtensible Stylesheet Language 122</p>
<p>6.6 Server–side Technologies 126</p>
<p>6.6.1 URI Handlers 126</p>
<p>6.6.2 Web Services 129</p>
<p>6.6.3 Middleware Technologies 130</p>
<p>6.7 Outlook 132</p>
<p>7 Testing Web Applications 133<br />Christoph Steindl, Rudolf Ramler, Josef Altmann</p>
<p>7.1 Introduction 133</p>
<p>7.2 Fundamentals 134</p>
<p>7.2.1 Terminology 134</p>
<p>7.2.2 Quality Characteristics 135</p>
<p>7.2.3 Test Objectives 136</p>
<p>7.2.4 Test Levels 136</p>
<p>7.2.5 Role of the Tester 137</p>
<p>7.3 Test Specifics in Web Engineering 138</p>
<p>7.4 Test Approaches 140</p>
<p>7.4.1 Conventional Approaches 140</p>
<p>7.4.2 Agile Approaches 140</p>
<p>7.5 Test Scheme 142</p>
<p>7.5.1 Three Test Dimensions 142</p>
<p>7.5.2 Applying the Scheme to Web Applications 143</p>
<p>7.5.3 Examples of Using the Test Scheme 145</p>
<p>7.6 Test Methods and Techniques 145</p>
<p>7.6.1 Link Testing 147</p>
<p>7.6.2 Browser Testing 147</p>
<p>7.6.3 Usability Testing 148</p>
<p>7.6.4 Load, Stress, and Continuous Testing 148</p>
<p>7.6.5 Testing Security 149</p>
<p>7.6.6 Test–driven Development 150</p>
<p>7.7 Test Automation 150</p>
<p>7.7.1 Benefits and Drawbacks of Automated Tests 150</p>
<p>7.7.2 Test Tools 151</p>
<p>7.7.3 Selecting Test Tools 152</p>
<p>7.8 Outlook 152</p>
<p>8 Operation and Maintenance of Web Applications 155<br />Arno Ebner, Birgit Pr&ouml;ll, Hannes Werthner</p>
<p>8.1 Introduction 155</p>
<p>8.2 Challenges Following the Launch of a Web Application 156</p>
<p>8.3 Promoting a Web Application 157</p>
<p>8.3.1 Newsletters 158</p>
<p>8.3.2 Affiliate Marketing 158</p>
<p>8.3.3 Search Engine Marketing 159</p>
<p>8.3.4 Content–related Marketing 162</p>
<p>8.3.5 Domain Management 162</p>
<p>8.4 Content Management 163</p>
<p>8.4.1 Content Update Rate and Demand on Currency 164</p>
<p>8.4.2 Content Syndication 165</p>
<p>8.5 Usage Analysis 165</p>
<p>8.5.1 Usage Analysis Techniques 165</p>
<p>8.5.2 Statistical Indicators 167</p>
<p>8.5.3 User Behavior Analysis 168</p>
<p>8.6 Outlook 169</p>
<p>9 Web Project Management 171<br />Herwig Mayr</p>
<p>9.1 From Software Project Management to Web Project Management 171</p>
<p>9.1.1 Objectives of Software Project Management 171</p>
<p>9.1.2 The Tasks of Software Project Management 172</p>
<p>9.1.3 Conflicting Areas in Projects 173</p>
<p>9.1.4 Specifics of Web Project Management 173</p>
<p>9.2 Challenges in Web Project Management 175</p>
<p>9.2.1 General Challenges in Software Development 175</p>
<p>9.2.2 Development–related Challenges in Web Projects 176</p>
<p>9.2.3 Product–related Challenges in Web Projects 179</p>
<p>9.3 Managing Web Teams 182</p>
<p>9.3.1 Software Development: A Human–centered Task 182</p>
<p>9.3.2 The Web Project Team 183</p>
<p>9.3.3 The Web Project Manager 184</p>
<p>9.4 Managing the Development Process of a Web Application 185</p>
<p>9.4.1 Deploying the Tools 185</p>
<p>9.4.2 Measuring Progress 188</p>
<p>9.4.3 Project Risks 190</p>
<p>9.4.4 Risk Management 193</p>
<p>9.5 Outlook 194</p>
<p>10 The Web Application Development Process 197<br />Gregor Engels, Marc Lohmann, Annika Wagner</p>
<p>10.1 Motivation 197</p>
<p>10.2 Fundamentals 198</p>
<p>10.3 Requirements for a Web Application Development Process 201</p>
<p>10.3.1 Handling Short Development Cycles 201</p>
<p>10.3.2 Handling Changing Requirements 201</p>
<p>10.3.3 Releases with Fixed Deadlines and Flexible Contents 203</p>
<p>10.3.4 Parallel Development of Different Releases 203</p>
<p>10.3.5 Reuse and Integration 204</p>
<p>10.3.6 Adapting to Web Application s Complexity Level 204</p>
<p>10.3.7 Summary 205</p>
<p>10.4 Analysis of the Rational Unified Process 205</p>
<p>10.4.1 Introduction 205</p>
<p>10.4.2 General Suitability for Web Application Development 208</p>
<p>10.4.3 Does RUP meet the Requirements of Web Applications? 209</p>
<p>10.5 Analysis of Extreme Programming 211</p>
<p>10.5.1 Introduction 211</p>
<p>10.5.2 Does XP meet the Requirements of Web Application Development? 214</p>
<p>10.6 Outlook 216</p>
<p>11 Usability of Web Applications 219<br />Martin Hitz, Gerhard Leitner, Rudolf Melcher</p>
<p>11.1 Motivation 219</p>
<p>11.2 What is Usability? 220</p>
<p>11.3 What Characterizes the Usability of Web Applications? 222</p>
<p>11.4 Design Guidelines 225</p>
<p>11.4.1 Response Times 225</p>
<p>11.4.2 Interaction Efficiency 225</p>
<p>11.4.3 Colors 226</p>
<p>11.4.4 Text Layout 227</p>
<p>11.4.5 Page Structure 228</p>
<p>11.4.6 Navigation Structure 228</p>
<p>11.4.7 Multiculturality 230</p>
<p>11.4.8 Confidence–generating Measures 231</p>
<p>11.4.9 Other Design Criteria 232</p>
<p>11.5 Web Usability Engineering Methods 232</p>
<p>11.5.1 Requirements Analysis 234</p>
<p>11.5.2 Design 237</p>
<p>11.5.3 Implementation 238</p>
<p>11.5.4 Operation 238</p>
<p>11.6 Web Usability Engineering Trends 239</p>
<p>11.6.1 Usability Patterns 239</p>
<p>11.6.2 Mobile Usability 241</p>
<p>11.6.3 Accessibility 243</p>
<p>11.7 Outlook 245</p>
<p>12 Performance of Web Applications 247<br />Gabriele Kotsis</p>
<p>12.1 Introduction 247</p>
<p>12.2 What Is Performance?&nbsp; 248</p>
<p>12.3 What Characterizes the Performance of Web Applications? 250</p>
<p>12.4 System Definition and Indicators 251</p>
<p>12.5 Characterizing the Workload 252</p>
<p>12.6 Analytical Techniques 254</p>
<p>12.6.1 Operational Analysis 254</p>
<p>12.6.2 Queuing Networks and Simulation Models 255</p>
<p>12.6.3 Measuring Approaches 257</p>
<p>12.7 Representing and Interpreting Results 258</p>
<p>12.8 Performance Optimization Methods 259</p>
<p>12.8.1 Acceleration Within a Web Application 260</p>
<p>12.8.2 Reducing Transmission Time 261</p>
<p>12.8.3 Server Tuning 263</p>
<p>12.9 Outlook 263</p>
<p>13 Security for Web Applications 265<br />Martin Wimmer, Alfons Kemper, Stefan Seltzsam</p>
<p>13.1 Introduction 265</p>
<p>13.2 Aspects of Security 266</p>
<p>13.3 Encryption, Digital Signatures and Certificates 268</p>
<p>13.3.1 Symmetric Cryptography 268</p>
<p>13.3.2 Asymmetric Cryptography 270</p>
<p>13.3.3 Digital Signatures 271</p>
<p>13.3.4 Certificates and Public Key Infrastructure 272</p>
<p>13.4 Secure Client/Server–Interaction 272</p>
<p>13.4.1 Point–to–Point Security 272</p>
<p>13.4.2 End–to–End Security 274</p>
<p>13.4.3 User Authentication and Authorization 276</p>
<p>13.4.4 Electronic Payment Systems 278</p>
<p>13.5 Client Security Issues 279</p>
<p>13.5.1 Preserving Privacy 279</p>
<p>13.5.2 Mobile Code Security 281</p>
<p>13.5.3 Phishing and Web Spoofing 282</p>
<p>13.5.4 Desktop Security 283</p>
<p>13.6 Service Provider Security Issues 285</p>
<p>13.6.1 Cross–Site Scripting 285</p>
<p>13.6.2 SQL Injection 287</p>
<p>13.6.3 Security of CGI Programs 289</p>
<p>13.6.4 Service Availability 290</p>
<p>13.6.5 Host Security 291</p>
<p>13.7 Outlook 292</p>
<p>14 The Semantic Web The Network of Meanings in the Network of Documents 293<br />Wernher Behrendt, Nitin Arora</p>
<p>14.1 Fundamentals of the Semantic Web&nbsp; 293</p>
<p>14.1.1 The Role of Software Agents 294</p>
<p>14.1.2 The Role of Semantic Markup 296</p>
<p>14.1.3 The Role of Ontologies 297</p>
<p>14.2 Technological Concepts 298</p>
<p>14.2.1 Agents According to the FIPA Standard 298</p>
<p>14.2.2 Ontologies 300</p>
<p>14.2.3 Semantic Markup on the Web 303</p>
<p>14.3 Specifics of Semantic Web Applications 308</p>
<p>14.3.1 Semantic Markup 308</p>
<p>14.3.2 Agents 309</p>
<p>14.3.3 Ontologies 309</p>
<p>14.3.4 Semantic Web Services 310</p>
<p>14.3.5 Integration into Web Engineering&nbsp; 313</p>
<p>14.4 Tools 314</p>
<p>14.5 Outlook 315</p>
<p>Glossary 317</p>
<p>Author Biographies 329</p>
<p>Bibliography 337</p>
<p>Credits 357</p>
<p>Index 359</p>