Belonging – Solidarity and Division in Modern Societies

<p>Acknowledgements viii</p>
<p>Introduction 1</p>
<p>Outline of the book 2</p>
<p>1 Identity as a Political Instrument 7</p>
<p>Conflicting identities 7</p>
<p>The role of boundaries 10</p>
<p>Traditional versus modern societies 15</p>
<p>The construction and meaning of identity 16</p>
<p>The consequences of globalization 19</p>
<p>Summary 24</p>
<p>2 Belonging by Choice 26</p>
<p>Belonging and emotion 26</p>
<p>The conditions of belonging 32</p>
<p>Collective identity and the power of symbols 35</p>
<p>Belonging to the nation 43</p>
<p>Collective identity and political mobilization 44</p>
<p>Summary 48</p>
<p>3 Freedom and Constraint 50</p>
<p>Immanuel Kant 51</p>
<p>Michel Foucault 55</p>
<p>Erich Fromm 58</p>
<p>The freedom to belong 61</p>
<p>Alienation, fear of irrelevance and group membership 64</p>
<p>Escaping into new dependencies: addiction 65</p>
<p>Summary 69</p>
<p>4 The New Radical Right and the Resurgence of Authoritarian Politics 71</p>
<p>The rise of authoritarianism 71</p>
<p>The new radical right versus traditional fascism 75</p>
<p>Who votes for the new radical right? 79</p>
<p> White resistance as a transnational movement 80</p>
<p>The rise of ethno–politics 83</p>
<p>On racism 84</p>
<p>The nation: conflicting views 86</p>
<p>From biological to cultural exclusion 88</p>
<p>Summary 90</p>
<p>5 The Rituals of Belonging 92</p>
<p>The power of symbols 92</p>
<p>The meaning of symbols 97</p>
<p>Ritual and power 98</p>
<p>Ritual and emotions 103</p>
<p>Rituals of inclusion and exclusion 105</p>
<p>Rites of belonging in modern society 108</p>
<p>Rites of passage 110</p>
<p> Exclusive and inclusive groups and associations 112</p>
<p>Summary 116</p>
<p>6 Loyalty, Citizenship and the Nation 118</p>
<p>On loyalty 118</p>
<p>Three types of loyalty 120</p>
<p>Loyalty, the nation and nationalism 123</p>
<p>National loyalty in peacetime and wartime 128</p>
<p>Loyalty programmes in the USA 130</p>
<p>Scapegoating and dissent 134</p>
<p>Freedom versus conformity 135</p>
<p> Authoritarian versus democratic loyalty 137</p>
<p>The great challenge: turning immigrants into Americans 140</p>
<p>Summary 142</p>
<p>7 Emotion and Political Mobilization 144</p>
<p>Emotion and social action 144</p>
<p>Emotion and the rational imperatives of market capitalism 147</p>
<p> Taming emotion and the construction of healing spaces 153</p>
<p>Emotion and political mobilization 154</p>
<p>Summary 170</p>
<p>Conclusion 172</p>
<p>Notes 181</p>
<p>Bibliography 200</p>
<p>Index 211</p>